发布：
常州翻译公司 来源：网络 侵权删 发布时间：2020-11-26 15:29:03 点击率：
Why It Can Be Hard to Stop Eating Even When You’re Full为什么已经吃到撑但嘴巴还是停不下来
All foods are not created equal. Most are palatable， or tasty to eat， which is important because people need to eat to survive. For example， a fresh apple is palatable to most people and provides vital nutrients and calories.
But certain foods， such as pizza， potato chips and chocolate chip cookies， are almost irresistible. They’re always in demand at parties， and they’re easy to keep eating， even when we are full. In these foods， a synergy between key ingredients can create an artificially enhanced palatability experience. Researchers call this hyper-palatability. Eaters call it delicious.
Initial studies suggest that foods with two or more key ingredients linked to palatability—specifically， sugar， salt， fat or carbohydrates—can activate brain-reward neurocircuits similarly to drugs like cocaine or opioids. They may also be able to bypass mechanisms in human bodies that make people feel full and tell people to stop eating.
According to a study published by nutritional scientist Debra Sullivan， she identifies three clusters of key ingredients that can make foods hyper-palatable. It is estimated that nearly two-thirds of foods widely consumed in the US fall into at least one of those three groups. Foods that are easily accessible and cheap are everywhere in our society. Unsurprisingly， eating them has been associated with obesity.
Documentaries in the last 15—20 years have reported that food companies have developed formulas to make palatable foods so enticing. However， manufacturers typically guard their recipes as trade secrets， so academic scientists can’t study them. Instead， researchers have used descriptive definitions to capture what makes some foods hyper-palatable.
In his 2012 book， David Kessler， former Commissioner of the US Food and Drug Administration （FDA）， wrote： “What are these foods？ Some are sweetened drinks， cookies， candy and other snack foods. Then， of course， there are fast food meals—fried chicken， pizza， burgers， and fries.”
并非所有食物都是生来平等的。大多数食物都美味可口，这一点十分重要，因为人需要吃东西才能活下去。例如，对于大多数人而言，一个新鲜的苹果不仅汁多味美，而且还能提供重要的营养素和卡路里。
但某些食物，例如披萨、薯片和巧克力曲奇餅干，却令人无法抗拒。人们在聚会时总能看到它们的身影，而且即便在已经吃撑的情况下，也还能再吃一点。在这些食物中，主要调味成分间的协同作用可创造出一种人为增强的美味口感。研究员将其称为超级美味性，食用者称其为美味可口。
初步研究表明，含有两种或多种主要调味成分（特别是糖、盐、脂肪或碳水化合物）的食物可激活大脑的奖励神经回路（与可卡因或阿片类药物的作用类似）。这些食物或许还能避开人们的身体机制，而这种机制会提醒人们饱腹，不需要再度进食。
营养学家黛布拉·沙利文发表的一项研究发现使食物变得超级美味有三类主要调味成分。据估计，美国接近三分之二的畅销食品都至少含有这三类成分中的一种。便宜且易买的食物到处都是，食用这些食物而导致肥胖也就不足为奇了。
过去15至20年的纪录片报道，食品公司已研发出使美味食品变得诱人的配方。但在通常情况下，食品生产商会将这些配方视作商业机密加以保护，所以学术专家无法对其展开研究。因而，研究员根据描述性的术语来探究某些食品口感极好的原因。
美国食品和药物管理局前专员戴维·凯斯勒在其2012年发表的著作中写道：“哪些食物属于这一范畴呢？其中包括含糖饮料、饼干、糖果和其他休闲食品。当然，快餐食品——炸鸡、披萨、汉堡和炸薯条也属于这类食物。”
